A Critical Review of Theoretical Approaches to GPE Essay

A Critical Review of Theoretical Approaches to GPE - Essay Example Traditionally, there are six central concepts of GPE: state, firm, capital, power, labour and globalisation, which are, from analytical point of view, interconnected. At the forefront of GPE in the understanding of these concepts are the theories of rational choice, of neo-institutionalism, of neo-Marxism, of constructivism and of postmodernity. These, however, are the objects of ongoing debates among scholars, and several thoughts and analyses have posited new ideas and concepts, either affirming or negating them. This paper seeks to provide a critical review of three literatures on the subject, to wit: (1)‘Strategic Interests and International Political Economy’ by Stephen Greenwold, 1999, (2) ‘Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession’ by Paul Krugman, 1994, and (3) ‘Globalisation, Hegemony and Passive Revolution’ by Anne Showstack, 2001. The three literatures tackle interrelated concepts and theories of GPE. All three authors advocate for the realist perspectives in the understanding of GPE, competitiveness, and of hegemony and passive revolution in the context of globalization, respectively. Greenwold, Stephen (1999), in his article ‘Strategic Interests and International Political Economy’, discusses at length about the rivaling theories of IPE, how each is unique from and similar to the rest of the theories. However, Greenwold stresses on the realist theory as the most relevant and provides the most reasonable and sensible explanations in today’s socio-economic and political landscape, as it tries to look at the interrelatedness of economic forces and political forces in the shaping of nation-states. On the other hand, Krugman, Paul (1994) keenly tackles about a relatively new concept in economics which has revolutionized states and corporations at the onset of globalization. Krugman argues that the concept of nations as corporate companies competing against one another

Hemoglobin conformation(the T to R transition of hemoglobin) Article

Hemoglobin conformation(the T to R transition of hemoglobin) - Article Example The oxygenated hemoglobin (red) mostly triggers the interchanging to the R state. In the state of (T), the iron atom becomes planar with respect to the rest of the heme group this pulls the histamine, thus causing the larger scale structural change in the protein. Hemoglobin can be termed as a tetramer that makes up of two alpha-beta dimmers. The T to R transition requires that at least the hemoglobin subunits need to be bounded by oxygen. Hemoglobin in the T state has low affinity for oxygen, the change in conformational can only occur under high concentrations of oxygen. In R state, the hemoglobin binds to oxygen with high affinity, thus leading to the deoxygenated subunits binding to oxygen. The red blood cells that are rich in oxygen are found in the lungs need to flow all over the body to supply the tissues with oxygen for the metabolic processes. The fundamental allosteric effectors of hemoglobin are the protons. At an extremely low PH, hemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen than it does at the higher PHs. In the present suggestions are made to changes in the stabilization free energy to specific amino acids residues in the interfaces of T to R